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The Soviet occupation of Romania refers〔The term "occupation" is widely used by Western and post-Revolutionary Romanian historians. Examples include: *"Soviet forces occupied Romania in 1944 and stayed for more than a decade." Roger E. Kirk, Mircea Răceanu, ''Romania Versus the United States: Diplomacy of the Absurd, 1985-1989'', p. 2. Palgrave Macmillan, 1994, ISBN 0-312-12059-1. *"Soviet occupation troops had been withdrawn in 1958." Gordon L. Rottman, Ron Volstad, ''Warsaw Pact Ground Forces'', p. 45. Osprey, 1987, ISBN 0-85045-730-0. *"The country had to endure a long Soviet occupation (until 1958), and to pay the Soviets massive reparations." Lucian Boia, ''Romania: Borderland of Europe'', p. 106. Reaktion Books, 2001, ISBN 1-86189-103-2. *"Soviet occupation forces in Romania (for ) unlimited interference in Romanian political life." Verona (''Military Occupation and Diplomacy: Soviet Troops in Romania, 1944-1958''), p. 31. *"In June 1958, based on complex arrangements between the Romanians, the Russians, and the Yugoslavs, the occupying Soviet Army units left Romania." Tismăneanu, p. 25. "Romanian communists remained an unappealing marginal group until the occupation of the country by the Red Army in 1944." ''ibid.'', p. 59. "The Soviet Army occupied Romanian territory and ... the Soviet-controlled political formation called the RCP was exploiting this state of affairs to establish a Stalinist regime as soon as possible, whatever the human cost." ''ibid.'', p. 91. *"The primary focus is the occupation of the rest of Romania from 1944 to 1958...There is little doubt that the Soviet occupation had a devastating economic, political, and social impact on Romania." Aurel Braun, review of ''The Red Army in Romania'', in ''Slavic Review'', Vol. 61, No. 1, 146-147, Spring 2002. *"The withdrawal of Soviet troops signified the end of the country's direct military occupation, which lasted 14 years." ''Istoria României în date'', p. 553. Editura Enciclopedică, Bucharest, 2003, ISBN 973-45-0432-0 *"Wisner (who had, as an OSS officer, witnessed the brutal Soviet occupation of Romania)", David F. Rudgers, ("The origins of covert action" ), Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 35 , no. 2 (2000), 249–262 *Flori Stănescu, Dragoş Zamfirescu, ''Ocupaţia sovietică în România - Documente 1944-1946'' (''The Soviet Occupation in Romania - Documents 1944-1946''). Vremea, 1998, ISBN 973-9423-17-5. * "The first period of communist rule in Romania, 1944-1958 is defined by Stefan Fisher Galati as the loss of national identity by the destruction of the "bourgeois nationalist" legacy and the diminution of Romania's national sovereignty under a virtual Soviet occupation." Constantin Iordachi, "(The Anatomy of a Historical Conflict: Romanian-Hungarian Diplomatic Conflict in the 1980s )", MA Thesis, Central European University, 1995-1996. 〕 to the period from 1944 to August 1958, during which the Soviet Union maintained a significant military presence in Romania. The fate of the eastern territories of Romania occupied by the Red Army and eventually incorporated into the Soviet Union is treated separately in the article on Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina. During the Eastern Front offensive of 1944, the Soviet Army occupied what had been the Kingdom of Romania prior to the military occupation. The northwestern part of Moldavia was occupied as a result of armed combat that took place between the months of May and August of that year, while Romania was still an ally of Nazi Germany. The rest of the territory was occupied after Romania changed sides in World War II, as a result of the royal coup launched by King Michael on August 23, 1944. On that date, the King announced that Romania had unilaterally ceased all military actions against the Allied forces, accepted the Allied armistice offer,〔 Valeriu Rapeanu, ("The Dictatorship Has Ended and along with It All Oppression" ) (from the Proclamation to The Nation of King Michael I on the night of August 23, 1944), ''Curierul Naţional'', August 7, 2004〕 and joined the war against the Axis Powers. As no formal armistice offer had been extended yet, the Red Army occupied most of Romania as enemy territory prior to the signing of the Moscow Armistice of September 12, 1944. The armistice convention and eventually the Paris Peace Treaties of 1947 provided a legal basis for the Soviet military presence in Romania, which lasted until 1958,〔("Background Note: Romania" ), United States Department of State, Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs, October 2007. The text of the treaty states: "The treaty also required massive war reparations by Romania to the Soviet Union, whose occupying forces left in 1958."〕 reaching a peak of some 615,000 in 1946.〔Verona, pp. 49–51〕 Soviet authors and the 1952 Constitution of Romania referred to the events of 1944 as the "liberation of Romania by the glorious Soviet Army".〔 (Constitutia Republicii Populare Romane 1952 )〕 On the other hand, most Romanian and Western sources use the term "Soviet occupation of Romania," some applying it to the whole period from 1944 to 1958. ==Background and beginning of the occupation== ''See also: Romania during World War II and King Michael Coup'' After having withdrawn its troops from Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina in response to the June 1940 Soviet Ultimatum, Romania entered an alliance with Nazi Germany and declared war on the Soviet Union. Romanian troops entered World War II in 1941 as part of Operation Barbarossa, under the German High Command. Following the recapturing of the territory annexed by the Soviet Union in 1940, Romanian troops occupied Southern Ukraine all the way to the Southern Bug. However, Romania's eastern campaign ended in disaster, notably at Stalingrad. By the end of 1943, the Red Army had regained control over most of the Soviet territory, and was advancing westward beyond the borders of USSR to defeat Nazi Germany and its allies. It was in this context that the Soviet forces crossed into Romania and occupied Northern and Eastern Moldavia. On August 23, 1944 King Michael launched a coup d'état, thereby overthrowing the pro-Nazi government of Ion Antonescu, and putting Romania's Army on the side of the Allies. As a result, King Michael was spared the fate of another former German ally, Prince Kyril, Regent of Bulgaria, who was executed by the Soviets in 1945. As a matter of fact, King Michael was the last monarch behind the Iron Curtain to lose his throne, on December 30, 1947. The coup facilitated the advance of the Red Army into Romania at an accelerated pace,〔 and enabled the Romanian Army to liberate the country from the German occupation. In the absence of an actual signed armistice,〔Ioan Vlad, Alexandru Baboş, ''Războiul României pentru reîntregirea naţională(1941-1945)'', Ch. 3, in ''Istoria artei militare'', Sibiu, 1996〕 the Soviet troops continued to treat the Romanians as a hostile force. The armistice was signed three weeks later, on September 12, 1944, "on terms Moscow virtually dictated."〔(''Country Studies: Romania''. Chap. 23. US Library of Congress )〕 The coup effectively amounted to a "capitulation",〔(''"Hitler Resorts To 'Puppets' In Romania"'' ), ''The Washington Post'', August 25, 1944〕 an "unconditional"〔(''"King Proclaims Nation's Surrender and Wish to Help Allies"'' ), ''The New York Times'', August 24, 1944〕 "surrender"〔〔("Bulgaria - Bulgarian resistance to the Axis alliance," ) (Encyclopædia Britannica )〕 to the Soviets and the rest of the Allies. In the wake of the cease fire order given by King Michael,〔 Alexandru Dutu and Florica Dobre, ("Generali români in prizonierat" )〕 between 114,000〔 and 160,000 Romanian soldiers were taken prisoners of war by the Soviets without resisting, and they were forced to march to remote detention camps, located in the Soviet Union; about a third of the prisoners perished on the way.〔Vartan Arachelian ("Pamfil Şeicaru despre 23 August: 'Mai multă ruşine, mai puţine victime' " ), ''Ziua'', August 16, 2004〕 By September 12, the Red Army had already gained control over much of the Romanian territory. Under the terms of its Armistice Agreement with the Allies, Romania became subject to an Allied Control Commission, composed of representatives of the Soviet Union, the United States, and the United Kingdom, while the Soviet military command exercised predominant, de facto authority. Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina were again incorporated into the Soviet Union. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Soviet occupation of Romania」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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